1.7 Energy Conservation Mechanisms in WSNs -- 1.8 Challenges for Energy-Constrained WSNs -- References -- Chapter 2: Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 MAC Protocol Features for WSNs -- 2.3 Performance Parameters of MAC Protocols -- 2.3.1 Total Residual Energy -- 2.3.2 Latency and Delay -- 2.3.3 Throughput -- 2.3.4 Packet Delivery Ratio -- 2.3.5 Bandwidth Utilization -- 2.4 Classification of MAC Protocols -- 2.4.1 Scheduled MAC Protocols -- 2.4.2 Unscheduled MAC Protocols -- 2.4.3 Cross-Layer-Based MAC Protocols -- 2.5 The Simulations of WSN Protocols -- 2.5.1 Case Study 1 -- 2.5.2 Case Study 2 -- 2.6 Directions for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 3: Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Types of Routing Protocols for WSNs -- 3.2.1 Data Centric Protocols (Flat-Based Routing) -- 3.2.2 Hierarchical-Based Routing -- 3.2.3 Location-Based Routing -- 3.2.4 Mobility-Based Protocols -- 3.2.5 Single Path and Multipath Protocols -- 3.2.6 Heterogeneity-Based Protocols -- 3.2.7 QoS-Based Protocols -- 3.3 Genetic Algorithms for Routing in WSN -- 3.4 Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for WSNs Using Elitist GA -- 3.4.1 System Model -- 3.4.2 Elitist GA-Based Routing Algorithm -- 3.4.3 Simulation and Analysis -- 3.5 Hybrid GA for Routing in WSNs -- 3.5.1 The GASA Algorithm -- 3.5.2 System Model -- 3.5.3 Simulation and Analysis -- 3.6 Self-Organizing Migrating Algorithm for Routing in WSNs -- 3.6.1 Self-Organizing Migrating Algorithm -- 3.6.1.1 Perturbation -- 3.6.1.2 Generating New Candidate Solutions -- 3.6.2 System Model -- 3.6.3 Simulation and Analysis -- 3.6.4 Confidence Bounds -- References -- Chapter 4: Clustering for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks -- 4.1 Motivation and Basic Ideas -- 4.2 Use of Clustering for Energy Efficiency in WSNs -- 4.2.1 Partitional Clustering