Level II Research -- Level III Research -- Conclusion -- 10 Direct Instruction -- What Is Direct Instruction? -- The Critics -- The Research Base for Direct Instruction -- Level I Research -- Levels II and III Research -- Conclusion -- 11 Cooperative Learning -- Cooperative Learning Models -- Learning Together -- Student Team Learning -- Other Models -- The Research Base for Cooperative Learning -- Theory Building -- Empirical Studies -- Application to Higher Education -- International -- Variety of Content Areas -- Quasi-experimental -- Program Evaluation -- Conclusion -- SNAPSHOTS -- 1 Mastery Learning -- Reductionism at Work -- What about the Research? -- Conclusion -- 2 Curriculum Integration -- What Is Curriculum Integration? -- History -- Level I Theory -- Level II Research-Bold Claims, Little Evidence -- Conclusion -- 3 Teaching for Intelligence -- What Is Intelligence? -- Charles Spearman -- L.L. Thurstone -- Richard Hernstein and Charles Murray -- Daniel Goleman -- Reuven Feuerstein -- Howard Gardner -- Robert Sternberg -- Conclusion -- 4 Instructional Time -- Research on Instructional Time -- Victor Lavy -- Elena Silva -- Tom Loveless -- Conclusion -- 5 Reflective Assessment -- Reflective Assessment Strategies -- "I Learned" Statements -- Think Aloud Strategy -- Clear and Unclear Windows -- Journaling -- Theory -- Research II and III -- Black and Wiliam -- Wang, Haertel, and Walberg -- Dignath and Büttner -- Michalsky, Mevarech, and Haibi -- Conclusion -- 6 Project-Based Learning -- Level I Theory -- Levels II and III Research -- Walker and Leary (2009) -- Koparan and Guven (2015) -- Finkelstein and Colleagues (2011) -- White and Frederiksen (1998) -- Conclusion -- 7 The Call for Free Preschool -- Level I: The Theory -- Level II: Longitudinal Studies -- Perry Preschool Project -- Carolina Abecedarian Project -- The Long Shadow