The ongoing boom of applications for artificial intelligence (AI) is based on algorithms that were inspired by neuroscience discoveries in the 1960s. This is a timely book to introduce the new discoveries and ideas in neuroscience, for the next wave of more powerful AI. AI researchers are all interested in the human brain, which is more capable and energy-efficient, but do not have good reading materials from the rather separate subfields of neuroscience, all with plenty of jargons. Based on hundreds of publications from top journals, the book fills in the gap between existing computational hardware/algorithms and emerging knowledge from neuroscience.