5. Conceptualising the learning gap: a relational approach -- Chapter overview -- Social constructivism and social constructionism -- The Zone of Proximal Development -- Identifying the Zone of Proximal Development -- Interactions within the ZPD -- Imitation within the ZPD -- Activity within the ZPD -- The intrapsychological process -- The significance of language and speech within social constructivism for feedback -- The learning gap as relational -- Implications of a relational understanding of the learning gap for pupil feedback -- 6. Conceptualising the learning gap: an individualistic approach -- Chapter overview -- Locating the pupil in the educational endeavour -- Recognising learning beyond economic outcomes -- The limits of standardising individuals in research -- Feedback within personal narrative -- Being curious -- Attempts to conceptualise curiosity -- What drives curiosity? -- Curiosity in the classroom context of pupil feedback for learning -- 7. Revealing pupils' learning gap in numeracy and literacy with pupils who struggle to succeed: a case study -- Chapter overview -- The context of classroom feedback -- Pupil identity and learning -- Case study data -- Focus and structure -- The challenge of learning -- Learning 'next' -- Pupils' constructions of their own learning gap -- Pupils' understanding of, and engagement with, written feedback -- Seeing beyond yourself -- PART III: New futures for feedback -- 8. New ways forwards in conceptually shaping feedback for learning -- Chapter overview -- Pupil agency -- Power and positioning -- Deliberative communicative action as an approach for developing feedback -- The hermeneutic problem within feedback -- Developmental foundations for co-constructed feedback -- How can you have a legitimate stake in something about which you do not know? -- Language and communication within feedback